Polish Grammar - Oscar E. Swan,
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A G
RAMMAR OF
C
ONTEMPORARY
P
OLISH
O
SCAR
E. S
WAN
Bloomington, Indiana, 2002
Copyright © 2002 by the author. All rights reserved.
Technical Editors: Jennifer J. Day, Andrea Rossing McDowell
ISBN: 0-89357-296-9
Slavica Publishers
[Tel.] 1-812-856-4186
Indiana University
[Toll-free] 1-877-
SLAVICA
2611 E. 10th St.
[Fax] 1-812-856-4187
Bloomington, IN 47408-2603
[Email] slavica@indiana.edu
USA
Contents
3
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................
Preface ........................................................................................................................
4
Polish and Poland .....................................................................................................
5
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................
6
1. Sounds, Spelling, and Pronunciation ..............................................................
7
2. Morphophonemics (Sound Changes) ...........................................................
23
3. Feminine-Gender Noun Declension .............................................................
43
4. Masculine-Gender Noun Declension ............................................................
66
5. Neuter-Gender and Plural-Only Noun Declension ..................................
112
6. Adjectives and Adjectival Adverbs .............................................................
126
7. Pronouns, Pronominal Adjectives, and Pro-Adverbs ..............................
153
8. Numerals ........................................................................................................
189
9. Present Tense and Imperative ......................................................................
215
10. Past Tense, Compound Future Tense, Conditional, Modals ...................
245
11. Verbal Aspect .................................................................................................
269
12. Participles, Verbal Nouns, and Grammatical Voice .................................
298
13. Uses of the Cases ............................................................................................
327
14. Simple Sentence Syntax ................................................................................
374
Glossary of Grammatical Terms .........................................................................
424
Some Polish Grammatical Terms ........................................................................
439
Index of Words Cited in a Grammatical Context .............................................
441
Subject Index ..........................................................................................................
486
Preface
This present work grew out of the first two editions of the author’s more
modest and now out-of-print
Concise Grammar of Polish
. The overall length of
this work in its new form ruled out the continuation of the original title.This
reference grammar is primarily intended for English-speaking learners of
Polish. It is a practical grammar, designed to facilitate the learning of forms
and to explain their uses in a way that will be accessible to the non-specialist.
At the same time, this book aims to be a fairly complete and reliable technical
guide to the rules, regularities, and principles which underpin Polish
grammar, taking into account important exceptions and irregularities. No
attempt is made to simplify or gloss over matters which are in actuality
complex, as many matters of Polish grammar are. The aim is to present
complex things as simply as possible, and not to make simple things seem
more complex than they are in actuality. A special attempt has been made to
describe facts relating to the social implementation of grammatical forms, a
point of view which is often inadequately represented in grammars of Polish
written by Poles, for whom such matters may seem obvious.
Working on the present version of this book has given me a renewed
appreciation for how nothing of this nature can ever aim at being a complete
description. Something as simple as the description of use of a single
preposition like
w
in,
to do it justice, could be continued for pages and pages.
I have tried to be sensible as to the point of cut-off of various discussions,
using my best judgment both as to where a potential user’s interest naturally
wanes, and as to what can realistically be accomplished by a written
description of living language phenomena.
In my work on this book, I am indebted to nearly every Polish speaker
with whom I have ever come into contact. I know of no country more
linguistically friendly to foreigners than Poland, and no body of speakers
more linguistically astute and willing to help one learn their language than
the Poles.
Oscar E. Swan
Pittsburgh, 2002
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